Quantitation: Direct Detection AssaysIn direct detection assays, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are chemically bound to the unclad optical fiber surface. Receptor ligands are subsequently functionalized to the AuNPs. During the detection process, target analytes bind directly to the receptor ligands. The formation of analyte-receptor complexes induces a local change of refractive index near the sensing surface, producing an optical response that is proportional to the concentration of the bound target analytes.定量:直接檢測法在直接檢測法中,金奈米粒子(AuNPs) 被固定至未包覆的光纖表面,配體再被功能化至金奈米粒子上。檢測過程中,目標分析物直接與配體結合,形成分析物-受體複合物,誘發感測表面附近的折射率發生局部變化,產生與結合的目標分析物的濃度成正比的光學反應。
Quantitation: Enhancement AssaysEnhancement assays require the use of two binding partners. Capture receptors (RC) are fixed onto the unclad optical fiber while detection receptors (RD) are bound to the AuNPs. During a sensing event, RD-functionalized AuNPs are introduced to the RC-functionalized sensing surface with the target analytes (A). AuNPs are brought to the sensing surface through the formation of sandwich-like RD-A-RC complexes. The presence of AuNPs at the sensing surface results in a dramatic optical response. 定量:增強分析增強分析法需要使用兩種結合對象,捕獲受體(RC)被固定在未包裹的光纖上,而檢測受體(RD)則被綁定到金奈米粒子(AuNPs)上。在檢測時,RD功能化的AuNPs與目標分析物(A)一同引入到功能化RC的感測表面上,形成類似三明治狀的RD-A-RC複合物。於感測表面上,AuNPs的存在會產生劇烈的光學反應,進而執行偵測。
Quantitation: Competition AssaysCompetition assays are suitable for the detection of small molecules. In this detection approach, the AuNPs-functionalized sensing surface is modified with target analytes. During a sensing event, a sample containing free-flowing analytes is premixed with corresponding bio-receptors and subsequently introduced to the sensing surface. The free-flowing analytes and the bound analytes then engage in a competitive interaction for binding to the bioreceptor. The binding of bio-receptor to the bound analyte results in an optical response, which can then be used to detect and estimate the concentration of the target analyte in the sample.定量:競爭檢測法競爭檢測法適用於小分子的檢測。在這種檢測方式中,帶有金奈米粒子(AuNPs)的感測表面會先與目標分析物進行修飾。檢測時,包含游離分析物的樣品會先與對應的受器混合,然後再引入至感測表面。游離分析物和固定分析物會彼此「競爭」與受器結合,而受體與固定分析物的結合會產生光學反應,可進而偵測並推算樣品中待測物的濃度。
Binding Kinetics and Affinity AssaysThe rate and strength of interactions between molecular species are important in biochemical research. These properties are measured through the kinetic and affinity constants, respectively, of the analyte of interest. The label-free and real-time monitoring of interactions between molecular species through FOPPR™ produces binding kinetic curves unique to the specific analytes. Kinetic and affinity information can be calculated through post-process data deconvolution and curve fitting.結合動力學和親和力試驗分子種類之間的相互作用的速率和強度在生物化學研究中扮演重要角色,這些特性分別透過被分析物的動力學常數和親和力常數來測量。通過FOPPR™對分子物種之間的相互作用進行無標簽和實時監測,可以產生特定分析物獨特的結合動力學曲線,再透過數據解構和曲線擬合來計算動力學和親和力訊息。