Quantitation: Direct Detection Assays
​​​​​​​In direct detection assays, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are chemically bound to the unclad optical fiber surface. Receptor ligands are subsequently functionalized to the AuNPs. During the detection process, target analytes bind directly to the receptor ligands. The formation of analyte-receptor complexes induces a local change of refractive index near the sensing surface, producing an optical response that is proportional to the concentration of the bound target analytes.

定量：直接檢測法
在直接檢測法中，金奈米粒子(AuNPs) 被固定至未包覆的光纖表面，配體再被功能化至金奈米粒子上。檢測過程中，目標分析物直接與配體結合，形成分析物-受體複合物，誘發感測表面附近的折射率發生局部變化，產生與結合的目標分析物的濃度成正比的光學反應。

Target: tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in synovial fluid
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of joint disease characterized by chronic and systemic joint inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which is a proinflammatory cytokine, can serve as a biomarker for the early detection of osteoarthritis (OA) when assessed in synovial fluid.

目標：滑液中的腫瘤壞死因子-α（TNF-α）
骨關節炎（Osteoarthritis , OA）是一種以慢性和全身性關節炎為特徵的關節疾病。可以在滑膜液中，透過檢測腫瘤壞死因子-α（TNF-α）這種促炎細胞激素當作生物標誌物，來早期檢測骨關節炎。

​​​​​​​Target: matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP-3) in synovial fluid
Matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP-3) is an enzyme induced by inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and interleukin-1β that also indicates OA.

目標：滑液中的基質金屬蛋白酶-3（MMP-3）
基質金屬蛋白酶3（MMP-3）是由促炎細胞激素（如TNF-α和介白素-1β）誘導的酵素，它也是骨關節炎的指標。